1
Question
Complete the missing word in the statement given below:
a) Plasma without
b)
c) Eosinophils are associated with
d)
e) One can determine the heart beat rate by counting the number of
Complete the missing word in the statement given below:
a) Plasma without
b)
c) Eosinophils are associated with
d)
e) One can determine the heart beat rate by counting the number of
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Solution
a. Serum and its composition:
∙ Thrombocytes help in clotting of blood along with other factors and ions.
∙ After the clot is formed the clot shrinks and a pale yellow fluid oozes out, this is called as serum
∙ Serum consists of all the components of blood plasma except the fibrinogen and blood corpuscles.
Final answer
Plasma without clotting factors is called serum.
b. Phagocytic cells:
∙ Neutrophils and monocytes are a type of leucocytes which are phagocytic in nature. They engulf the foreign material and help in protecting the body.
∙ Monocytes circulate in the blood and when they enter the tissue they form into macrophages (eg. Kupffer cells of liver).
∙ Neutrophils are the most abundant type of leucocytes, and are phagocytic in nature.
∙ They are the first cell to arrive at the site of infection.
Final answer
Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic cells.
c. Eosinophils:
∙ Eosinophils are granular leucocytes with two lobed nucleus.
∙ They play a role in host defence against nematodes and other parasitic infections.
∙ Since, they play a vital role against allergy, their number increases during allergic reactions.
Final answer
Eosinophils are associated with allergic reactions.
d. Blood clotting:
∙ An injury in the blood vessels leads to oozing of the blood and the body has a mechanism which prevents loss of blood, this process is called blood clotting.
∙ Thromboplastin is released from the injured tissue and from the disintegrated platelets. Thromboplastin combines with Ca++ ions to form a prothrombinase (enzyme). Prothrombinase inactivates heparin (anti- coagulant) and catalyses the breakdown of prothrombin into thrombin, which catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.
∙ Fibrin forms a mesh-like structure at the site of injury.
∙ Thus due to the absence or lack of calcium ions, no prothrombinase enzymes will be produced.
∙ This will significantly affect the further steps of blood clotting.
Final answer
Calcium ions play a significant role in clotting
e. Electrocardiogram:
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical representation of the electrical excitation of the cardiac muscles. The instrument used is called electrocardiograph.
Waves of electrocardiogram:
A normal electrocardiogram consists of the P wave, QRS complex and a T wave.
P wave represents atrial depolarisation as a result of this the atria contract and pumps the blood into the ventricles.
QRS wave represents the ventricular depolarisation which leads to the contraction of the ventricles.
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization, during this period the ventricles relax.
Role of QRS wave:
(\bullet\) QRS provides the information like heart rate variability
(\bullet\) The heart rate can be determined by the interval between two successive QRS complexes.
(\bullet\) Any change in the QRS wave is an indication of some abnormality.
Enlarged Q and R waves indicate myocardial infarction.
Final answer
QRS wave in an ECG.
∙ Thrombocytes help in clotting of blood along with other factors and ions.
∙ After the clot is formed the clot shrinks and a pale yellow fluid oozes out, this is called as serum
∙ Serum consists of all the components of blood plasma except the fibrinogen and blood corpuscles.
Final answer
Plasma without clotting factors is called serum.
b. Phagocytic cells:
∙ Neutrophils and monocytes are a type of leucocytes which are phagocytic in nature. They engulf the foreign material and help in protecting the body.
∙ Monocytes circulate in the blood and when they enter the tissue they form into macrophages (eg. Kupffer cells of liver).
∙ Neutrophils are the most abundant type of leucocytes, and are phagocytic in nature.
∙ They are the first cell to arrive at the site of infection.
Final answer
Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic cells.
c. Eosinophils:
∙ Eosinophils are granular leucocytes with two lobed nucleus.
∙ They play a role in host defence against nematodes and other parasitic infections.
∙ Since, they play a vital role against allergy, their number increases during allergic reactions.
Final answer
Eosinophils are associated with allergic reactions.
d. Blood clotting:
∙ An injury in the blood vessels leads to oozing of the blood and the body has a mechanism which prevents loss of blood, this process is called blood clotting.
∙ Thromboplastin is released from the injured tissue and from the disintegrated platelets. Thromboplastin combines with Ca++ ions to form a prothrombinase (enzyme). Prothrombinase inactivates heparin (anti- coagulant) and catalyses the breakdown of prothrombin into thrombin, which catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.
∙ Fibrin forms a mesh-like structure at the site of injury.
∙ Thus due to the absence or lack of calcium ions, no prothrombinase enzymes will be produced.
∙ This will significantly affect the further steps of blood clotting.
Final answer
Calcium ions play a significant role in clotting
e. Electrocardiogram:
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical representation of the electrical excitation of the cardiac muscles. The instrument used is called electrocardiograph.
Waves of electrocardiogram:
A normal electrocardiogram consists of the P wave, QRS complex and a T wave.
P wave represents atrial depolarisation as a result of this the atria contract and pumps the blood into the ventricles.
QRS wave represents the ventricular depolarisation which leads to the contraction of the ventricles.
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization, during this period the ventricles relax.
Role of QRS wave:
(\bullet\) QRS provides the information like heart rate variability
(\bullet\) The heart rate can be determined by the interval between two successive QRS complexes.
(\bullet\) Any change in the QRS wave is an indication of some abnormality.
Enlarged Q and R waves indicate myocardial infarction.
Final answer
QRS wave in an ECG.
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