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B
Wallace
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C
Lyell
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D
All of the above
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Solution
The correct option is D All of the above There were many scientists and scholars that influenced Charles Darwin:
1) Thomas Malthus wrote essays about populations and carrying capacities for the environment. Malthus was an economist and his ideas about overpopulation, disease, and the struggle to survive influenced Darwin. 2) Charles Lyell influenced Darwin. Lyell was a geologist who came up with the idea of uniformitarianism, which means that the same processes that were at work in the past are at work in the present. Lyell was the first geologist to come up with an estimate of the great age of the earth, based on the processes of erosion. 3) Alfred Russel Wallace also influenced Darwin. Quite independently, he came up with the same idea of evolution by natural selection. Darwin got his "Origin of Species" to the publisher first.
Apart from that, Darwin was also influenced by Georges Cuvier and Charles Lamarck.