The correct option is A Adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation is the development of different structures from common ancestors.
Darwin’s finches showed diversification from a common ancestor in terms of beaks from seed eating to insectivorous and vegetarian in different geographical areas within the Galapagos island.
Parallel evolution occurs when two species evolve similar traits independent of each other. For example, running habits in deer and horses.
Homology indicates common ancestry. The homologous organs show similar basic plans during development but get modified as an adaptation to the environment.
Artificial selection is the process of selecting individuals with desired characters and interbreeding them.