Define ionisation enthalpy. Discuss the factors affecting ionisation enthalpy of the elements and its trends in the periodic table.
Define ionisation enthalpy. Discuss the factors affecting ionisation enthalpy of the elements and its trends in the periodic table.
Ionisation enthalpy The minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom so as to convert it into a gaseous cation is called its ionisation enthalpy it is represented by △iH
Factors affecting Ionisation enthalpy of the elements.
Ionisation enthalpy depends upon the following factors.
(i) Nuclear charge: The ionisation enthalpy increase with increase in nuclear charge. This is due to the fact that with that with increase in nuclear charge, the electrons of the outer shell are more firmly held by the nucleus and thus greater energy is required to pull ot an electron from the atom.
e.g., the ionisation enthalpy increases as we move along a period from left to right due to increased nuclear charge.
Element of 2nd periodLiBeBCNOFNeNudear charge+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10First ionisation enthalpy(kj mol−1)52089980110861402131416812080
(ii) Atomic size or radius: Ionisation enthalpy decreases as the atomic size increases, As the distance of the outer electrons from the nucleus increases with increase in atomic radius, the attractive force on the outer electron decreases.
As a result, outer electrons are held less firmly and hence lesser amount d of energy is required to knock them out. Thus ionisation enthalpy decreases with increase in atomic size. Ionisation enthalpy is found to decrease on moving down a group
Element(alkali metals)LiNaKRbCsFirst ionisation enthalples520496419403374 (kj mol−1)
(iii) Penetration effect of the electrons Ionisation enthalpy increases as the penetration effect of the electrons increases. It is well-known fact that in case fo multielectron atoms, the electrons of the electrons of te s- orbital has the maximum probability of being found near the nucleus and this probability goes on decreasing in case of p.dd and f- orbitals of the same shell.
In other words, s- electrons of any shell are more penetrating towards the nucleus than p-electrons the same shell. Thus, within the same shell the penetration effect decreases in the order s> p>d>f
e.g, First ionisation enthalpy of aluminium is slower than that of magnesium this is due to the fact that in case of aluminium (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p1x)
We have to pull out a p-electron to formAl+ ion whereas in case of magnesium (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2) we have to remove an s-electron of the same energy shell to produce Mg+ ion.
(iv) Shielding or screening effect of Inner shell electrons As the shielding or the screening effect of the inner electrons increases, the ionisation enthalpy decreases. Consequently, the force of attraction by the nucleus for the valence shell electrons decreases and hence the ionisation enthalpy decreases,
(v) Effect of arrangement of electrons If an atom contains exactly half filled or completely filled orbitals then such an arrangement has extra stability, therefore, the removal of an electron from such an atom requires more energy than expected.
e.g., Be (1s2,2s2) has higher ionisatioin enthalpy than B (1s2,2s22p1) and N(1s2,2s2,2p6x,2p1y2p1z) has higher ionisation enthalpy than O(1s2,2s22p2x,2p1y,2p1z) In general as we move from left to right in a period, the ionisation enthalpy increases with increasing atomic numbers.
The ionisation enthalpies keep on decreasing regularly as we move down a group from one element to the other.
Variation of first ionisation enthalpies Δi H with the atomic number for elements with Z = 1 to 60
Ionisation enthalpy The minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom so as to convert it into a gaseous cation is called its ionisation enthalpy it is represented by △iH
Factors affecting Ionisation enthalpy of the elements.
Ionisation enthalpy depends upon the following factors.
(i) Nuclear charge: The ionisation enthalpy increase with increase in nuclear charge. This is due to the fact that with that with increase in nuclear charge, the electrons of the outer shell are more firmly held by the nucleus and thus greater energy is required to pull ot an electron from the atom.
e.g., the ionisation enthalpy increases as we move along a period from left to right due to increased nuclear charge.
Element of 2nd periodLiBeBCNOFNeNudear charge+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10First ionisation enthalpy(kj mol−1)52089980110861402131416812080
(ii) Atomic size or radius: Ionisation enthalpy decreases as the atomic size increases, As the distance of the outer electrons from the nucleus increases with increase in atomic radius, the attractive force on the outer electron decreases.
As a result, outer electrons are held less firmly and hence lesser amount d of energy is required to knock them out. Thus ionisation enthalpy decreases with increase in atomic size. Ionisation enthalpy is found to decrease on moving down a group
Element(alkali metals)LiNaKRbCsFirst ionisation enthalples520496419403374 (kj mol−1)
(iii) Penetration effect of the electrons Ionisation enthalpy increases as the penetration effect of the electrons increases. It is well-known fact that in case fo multielectron atoms, the electrons of the electrons of te s- orbital has the maximum probability of being found near the nucleus and this probability goes on decreasing in case of p.dd and f- orbitals of the same shell.
In other words, s- electrons of any shell are more penetrating towards the nucleus than p-electrons the same shell. Thus, within the same shell the penetration effect decreases in the order s> p>d>f
e.g, First ionisation enthalpy of aluminium is slower than that of magnesium this is due to the fact that in case of aluminium (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p1x)
We have to pull out a p-electron to formAl+ ion whereas in case of magnesium (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2) we have to remove an s-electron of the same energy shell to produce Mg+ ion.
(iv) Shielding or screening effect of Inner shell electrons As the shielding or the screening effect of the inner electrons increases, the ionisation enthalpy decreases. Consequently, the force of attraction by the nucleus for the valence shell electrons decreases and hence the ionisation enthalpy decreases,
(v) Effect of arrangement of electrons If an atom contains exactly half filled or completely filled orbitals then such an arrangement has extra stability, therefore, the removal of an electron from such an atom requires more energy than expected.
e.g., Be (1s2,2s2) has higher ionisatioin enthalpy than B (1s2,2s22p1) and N(1s2,2s2,2p6x,2p1y2p1z) has higher ionisation enthalpy than O(1s2,2s22p2x,2p1y,2p1z) In general as we move from left to right in a period, the ionisation enthalpy increases with increasing atomic numbers.
The ionisation enthalpies keep on decreasing regularly as we move down a group from one element to the other.
Variation of first ionisation enthalpies Δi H with the atomic number for elements with Z = 1 to 60
