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Question

Describe the permutit process for softening hard water.


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Solution

Hard water:

  • Hard water is the water which contains salts of calcium and magnesium like sulphates, carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides.
  • Hard water does not form lather with soap.
  • Hard water has a high content of minerals.

Permutit process:

  • The process in which hard water containing Ca2+ is filtered through sand named zeolite is called the Permutit process.
  • Permutit is a zeolite of an artificial source. It is an orthosilicate of sodium aluminium compound with the chemical formula Na2Al2Si2O8.xH2O.
  • Chemically, it is hydrated sodium aluminium orthosilicate.
  • In a high cylindrical vessel filled with gravel sand and permutit, the water softening procedure is done.
  • Via an inlet, durable water is added.
  • The water enters the vessel’s bottom. The gravel layer carries out the removal of impurities.
  • It then comes into contact with permutit, which in tank water substitutes Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions into Na+ ions.

Chemical reaction:

Na2X(aq)+Ca2+(aq)CaX(aq)+2Na+(aq)

Where X = Na2Al2Si2O8.xH2O


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