Question

Discuss the factors affecting soil formation.

Answer 1

Instructions:

• Explain the five major factors.

Solution:

• The five major factors responsible for the formation of soil are:
  • Nature of the bedrock: Soil is formed from the bedrock beneath, also known as the parent rock. This determines the composition of the soil, that is, its mineral content and chemical properties.
  • Relief: Altitude and slope determine the drainage in the soil as well as the accumulation of the soil.
  • Climate: The kind of climate determines the nature of weathering and type of vegetation, which in turn affects the soil forming process.
  • Living organisms: These actively influence the quality of humus. The roots of plants hold the soil and help in soil aeration. Animal droppings, dead insects, and dead leaves produce more decaying organic matter.
  • Time: Soils take many years to form. Young soils have characteristics of their parent material, but they change with the passing of time. Time also determines the thickness of the soil.