Distinguish between
a. Glycolysis and TCA cycle.
b. Mitosis and meiosis.
c. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
a. Glycolysis and TCA cycle.
b. Mitosis and meiosis.
c. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
a.
Krebs Cycle/TCA cycle
Glycolysis
It is a cyclic pathway.
It is a linear pathway.
Substrate is acetyl-CoA.
Substrate is glucose.
Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
Occurs in the cytoplasm
It produces oxaloacetic acid, NADH , FADH2, ATP and CO2.
It produces pyruvic acid, NADH and ATP.
It does not consume ATP.
It consumes 2 ATP molecules.
It generates 2 GTP/ATP molecules from 2 acetyl-CoA molecules.
It generates 2 ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule.
Occurs only in eukaryotes
Occurs in eukaryotes as well as in prokaryotes
b.
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic Respiration
(i)
It involves the partial breakdown of glucose.
(i)
It involves the complete breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O.
(ii)
A net gain of only 2 molecules of ATP occurs.
(ii)
A net gain of 36 molecules of ATP occurs.
(iii)
Here, oxidation of NADH to NAD+ is a slow reaction.
(iii)
Here, oxidation of NADH to NAD+ is a vigorous reaction.
c.
Mitosis
Meiosis
(i)
It involves single division, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.
(i)
It involves two successive divisions, namely meiosis I and II, resulting in the formation of four daughter cells.
(ii)
It is also known as equational division as the daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
(ii)
Meiosis I is known as reductional division where the chromosome number is reduced to half. Meiosis II is known as equational division where the sister chromatids separate while the chromosome number remains the same.
(iii)
The prophase stage is short and does not comprise of synapsis, crossing over, and the formation of chiasmata.
(iii)
Prophase I stage is very long. It comprises of five stages. In the zygotene stage of meiosis I, the pairing of homologous chromosomes takes place. During the pachytene stage, crossing over occurs while in the diplotene stage, chiasmata formation occurs.
(iv)
It plays a significant role in cell growth, repair, and healing of wounds.
(iv)
It brings about variation and maintains constant chromosome number from one generation to another.
(v)
It mainly takes place in the somatic cells.
(v)
It mainly takes place in the reproductive cells.
|
Krebs Cycle/TCA cycle |
Glycolysis |
|
It is a cyclic pathway. |
It is a linear pathway. |
|
Substrate is acetyl-CoA. |
Substrate is glucose. |
|
Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria |
Occurs in the cytoplasm |
|
It produces oxaloacetic acid, NADH , FADH2, ATP and CO2. |
It produces pyruvic acid, NADH and ATP. |
|
It does not consume ATP. |
It consumes 2 ATP molecules. |
|
It generates 2 GTP/ATP molecules from 2 acetyl-CoA molecules. |
It generates 2 ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule. |
|
Occurs only in eukaryotes |
Occurs in eukaryotes as well as in prokaryotes |
b.
|
Anaerobic respiration |
Aerobic Respiration |
||
|
(i) |
It involves the partial breakdown of glucose. |
(i) |
It involves the complete breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O. |
|
(ii) |
A net gain of only 2 molecules of ATP occurs. |
(ii) |
A net gain of 36 molecules of ATP occurs. |
|
(iii) |
Here, oxidation of NADH to NAD+ is a slow reaction. |
(iii) |
Here, oxidation of NADH to NAD+ is a vigorous reaction. |
c.
|
Mitosis |
Meiosis |
||
|
(i) |
It involves single division, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells. |
(i) |
It involves two successive divisions, namely meiosis I and II, resulting in the formation of four daughter cells. |
|
(ii) |
It is also known as equational division as the daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. |
(ii) |
Meiosis I is known as reductional division where the chromosome number is reduced to half. Meiosis II is known as equational division where the sister chromatids separate while the chromosome number remains the same. |
|
(iii) |
The prophase stage is short and does not comprise of synapsis, crossing over, and the formation of chiasmata. |
(iii) |
Prophase I stage is very long. It comprises of five stages. In the zygotene stage of meiosis I, the pairing of homologous chromosomes takes place. During the pachytene stage, crossing over occurs while in the diplotene stage, chiasmata formation occurs. |
|
(iv) |
It plays a significant role in cell growth, repair, and healing of wounds. |
(iv) |
It brings about variation and maintains constant chromosome number from one generation to another. |
|
(v) |
It mainly takes place in the somatic cells. |
(v) |
It mainly takes place in the reproductive cells. |
