Doctrine of evolution i.e. descent with modification is concerned with :

Biogenesis

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Sudden changes

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Gradual changes

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Mutational changes

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Solution

The correct option is D Gradual changes
Darwin defined evolution as 'descent with modification', the idea that species undergo gradual changes over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor.
Each species has its own unique set of heritable (genetic) differences from the common ancestor, which have accumulated gradually over long time period.
So, the correct answer is 'Gradual changes'

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