The correct option is D corrosion
Carbonization is the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation.
Amalgamation is a the process in which metals or alloy is mixed with mercury.
Oxidation is the process of reaction of metals with oxygen resulting in the formation of metal oxides.
When a metal reacts with atmospheric moisture (water), oxygen and other chemicals like acids, it forms a layer of metal oxide, thereby leads to surface degradation. The process is called corrosion as the metal corrodes.
option D is correct.