Educator : It has been argued that our professional organization should take decision about important issues such as rising dues and taking political stands - by a direct vote of all members rather than by having members vote for officers who in turn make the decisions. This would not; however, be the right way to decide these matters, for the vote of any given individual is much more likely to determine organizational policy by influencing the election of an officer than by influencing the result of a direct vote on a single issue. Which one of the following principles would, if valid, most help to justify the educator's reasoning?

No procedure for making organizational decisions should allow one individual's vote to weigh more than that of another.

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Outcomes of organizational elections should be evaluated according to their benefit to the organiza-tion as a whole, not according to the fairness of the methods by which they are produced.

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Important issues facing organizations should be decided by people who can devote their full time to mastering the information relevant to the issues.

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An organization's procedures for making organizational decisions should maximize the power of each member of the organization to influence the decisions made.

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Solution

The correct option is D An organization's procedures for making organizational decisions should maximize the power of each member of the organization to influence the decisions made.
The argument of the educator is that it is known that: the vote of an individual is much more likely WI determine organizational policy by influencing the election of an officer by influencing the result of a direct vote. He concludes to say that it is better to take decisions through the election of an office; than directe vote. Option (d) is correct. If the maim; aim of the procedures of the organization is to maximize the influence of each individual has greater influence in election of an officer then the decisions must be made through election of an officer.

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Q. Consider the following statements-
(a) Some election laws have been made to ensure that every political party and candidates get a fair and equal chance to compete.
(b) According to codes of conduct of election campaign,any parties or candidate can use any place for of worship for election propaganda.
(c) People who are eligible to vote can go to electoral office to vote.
(d) Elections are conducted by Election Commission.
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A. Condorcet’s theory describes consensus decisions, outlining how democratic decisions tend to outperform dictatorial ones. If each member of a jury has only partial information, the majority decision is more likely to be correct than a decision arrived at by an individual juror.

B. A study about bees reported that the queen goes off with about two-thirds of the worker bees to live in a new home leaving a daughter queen in the nest with the remaining worker bees. Among the bees that depart are scouts that search for the new nest site and report back using a waggle dance to advertise suitable locations.

C.Another form of groupthink occurs when people are either isolated from crucial sources of information or dominated by other members of the group, some of whom may have malevolent intent. This too has now been demonstrated in animals.

D. Animals that live in groups make two sorts of choices: consensus decisions in which the group makes a single collective choice, as when house-hunting rock ants decide where to settle; and combined decisions, such as the allocation of jobs among worker bees.

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