Effective nuclear charge can be calculated by using the formula:

Z^{*} = S - Z

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Z^{*} = Z + S

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Z = Z^{*} - S

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Z^{*} = Z - S

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Solution

The correct option is D $Z^{} = Z - S$
The effective nuclear charge can be calculated by using the formula $Z^{} = Z - S$ .

$Z^{*} =$ Effective nuclear charge

$Z =$ nuclear charge

$S =$ number of screening electrons

Due to the screening effect, the effective nuclear charge is less than the nuclear charge.

Hence, the correct option is $D$

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