Energy released during the movement of electrons through the photosystems in photosynthesis is used to drive protons across the membrane against the concentration gradient. As a result, the protons accumulate in
Thylakoid lumen
Splitting of water and transport of electrons through the series of electron acceptors result in the pumping of protons in the thylakoid lumen which results in the generation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid lumen.