Excellent electrical and thermal insulators have been developed and used on a wide scale. These insulators use as bases for ceramic materials, almost pure. These materials are:
Earliest used ceramic raw materials are clay minerals such as kaolinite. The recently used ceramic raw materials are aluminum oxide (Alumina). Zirconium dioxide (Zirconia) is used in fuel cells and automotive oxygen sensors. Its metastable structures are used to form ceramic knife blades.