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Question

Explain aldol condensation reactions of ethanal & propanone.

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Solution

When an aldehyde (or a ketone) having alpha hydrogen atom is treated with dilute base NaOH, KOH or sodium carbonate, two molecules of aldehyde ( or ketone) add together to form β hydroxy aldehyde (aldol) or β hydroxy ketone (ketol). New CC bond is formed in this reaction.
When aldol or ketol is heated in presence of an acid, a molecule of water is lost and αβ unsaturated aldehyde or αβ unsaturated ketone is formed.

Aldol condensation of ethanal:
2CH3CHO dil NaOH−−−−−CH3CHOHCH2CHOH+ΔCH3CH=CHCHO+H2O
Aldol condensation of propanone:
2(CH3)2CO dil NaOH−−−−−(CH3)2COHCH2COCH3H+Δ(CH3)2C=CHCOCH3+H2O

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