Explain allotropes of phosphorous.

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Solution

There are several allotropes of phosphorous such as white phosphorous, red phosphorous and black phosphorous. In gaseous state ( and as waxy soild), white phosphorus has reactive $P_{4}$ tetrahedra. Red phosphorous has complex chain structure which is formed by opening of $P_{4}$ cage. Black phosphorous has a layer structure and is the most thermodynamically stable.

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