Explain the following :
(i) Available chlorine
(ii) Causes of inertness of noble gases.

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Solution

(i) Available Chlorine : When bleaching powder is treated with excess of dilute acid or carbon dioxide, the whole of chlorine present in the molecules liberated. The amount of chlorine thus set for is called available Chlorine.
$C a O C l_{2} + 2 H C l \to C a C l_{2} + H_{2} O + C l_{2}$
$C a O C l_{2} + H_{2} S O_{4} \to C a S O_{4} + H_{2} O + C l_{2}$
$C a O C l_{2} + C O_{2} \to C a C O_{3} + C l_{2}$
Amount of available chlorineis a good sample is $35 - 38 %$ .
(ii) Noble gases are inactive due to following characteristics.
(a) Except helium all the elements have 8 electrons in their outermost orbit.
Thus, electronic configuration is stable or external orbit is saturated. Therefore these elements do share the electrons with other elements.
(b) Ionic potential is very high of these elements.
(c) Electron affinity of these elements have zero. So they do not form anions.

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