Question

Explain the ovarian and uterine events that occur during a menstrual cycle in a human female, under the influence of pituitary and ovarian hormones respectively.

Answer 1

The menstrual cycle is the reproductive cycle in all primates and begins at puberty. In human females, menstruation occurs once in 28 days. The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called the menstrual cycle. During the middle of the menstrual cycle, one ovum is released in a phase called ovulation. The cycle starts with the menstrual flow (3 to 5 days), caused due to the breakdown of the endometrium of the uterus. Blood vessels in the liquid state are discharged, but this occurs only when the ovum is not fertilized. It is followed by the follicular phase where the primary follicles mature into Graafian follicles. This causes the regeneration of the endometrium. These changes are brought about by ovarian and pituitary hormones. In this phase, the release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) increases. This causes follicular growth and the growing follicles produce oestrogen. The LH and FSH are at their peak in the middle of the cycle (14th day) and cause the rupture of the Graffian follicles to release ovum. This phase is called the ovulatory phase. The remains of the Graffian follicles get converted into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone for the maintenance of the endometrium. In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, thereby causing the disintegration of the endometrium and the start of a new cycle.