Explain the term sturctural isomerism giving examples.

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Solution

Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but their atoms have different arrangements or bonds & the property is called structural isomerism.
There are $3$ types of structural isomers:-
(1) Chain isomers- The carbon atoms are connected in different orders.
Example for $C_{4} H_{10}$
$C H_{3} - C H_{2} - C H_{2} - C H_{3}$ $C H_{3} - C H | - C H_{3}$
$C H_{3}$
$n - b u t a n e$ $I s o b u t a n e$
(2) Position isomers- The position of functional groups differ.
Example: $C_{3} H_{7} B r$
$C H_{3} - C H_{2} - C H_{2} - B r$ $C H_{3} - C H | - C H_{3}$
$B r$
$1 - B r o m o p r o p a n e$ $2 - B r o m o p r o p a n e$
(3) Functional group isomers- The atoms are arranged to make different functional groups.
Example: $C_{3} H_{6} O$
$O$
$C H_{3} - C H_{2} - C H O$ $C H_{3} - | | C - C H_{3}$
$P r o p a n a l$ $P r o p a n o n e$

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