Question

Explain two ways by which seeds develop without fertilization.

Answer 1

The two ways by which embryo development occurs in plants without fertilization are:
1) Parthenogenesis
2) Apomixis
However, development of seeds without fertilisation is called
Apomixis
The apomixis may take place in the following two ways.
1) Gametophytic Apomixis
In this case, the unfertilised cell gives rise to an embryo without fertilisation.

2) Sporophytic Apomixis
In this case embryo is formed directly from nucellus or integument tissue of the ovule.