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Question

Explain why is the p.d across the terminals of a cell more in an open circuit and reduced in a closed circuit.

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Solution

n ideal battery or cell has no internal resistance, i.e., r=0.
So there is no voltage drop across the materials in side the battery, When it is connected in a circuit with some external elements.
When a battery is not connected in a circuit or it is open, then there is no current passing through it. So the emf the potential difference observed by measurement.
When a battery has an internal resistance r, and it is connected through a circuit, there is a current I flowing in the circuit. Hence, there is a voltage drop across this internal resistance.
So P.d. across battery=emfr.I

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