Epidermis and cork are the plant's exterior protecting tissues. The epidermis covers a plant's stem, root, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed components. Mechanical injury, water loss, and infection are all protected by the epidermis and its waxy cuticle. The outer protective tissue of plants changes as they grow older. The epidermis of the stem is replaced by a strip of secondary meristem. Eventually, it turns into numerous layers of thick cork (bark).