Terms are expressions separated by plus or minus signs. Here, the terms are 5a4, 10a3 and 15a2.
The numerical coefficients of the given monomials are 5, 10 and 15. The greatest common factor of 5, 10 and 15 is 5.
The common literal appearing in the three monomials is a.
The smallest power of a in the three monomials is 2.
The monomial of common literals with the smallest powers is a2.
​Hence, the greatest common factor is 5a2.