Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.
The movement to preserve the habitability of the Earth is in failure mode and we ought to ask why.The reason is neither a lack of effort by thousands of scientists, activists, and concerned citizens, nor a lack of information, data, logic and scientific evidence. On these counts the movement has grown impressively, as have the quality and quantity of scientific evidence and rational discourse on which it rests. But we must look more deeply at how this is going to manifest in the larger arena in which public attitudes are formed and the way in which this influences the conduct of the public business.

A. The movement to preserve the Earth’s habitability is tending to fail despite the efforts of scientists and activists and a vast store of information because it has not influenced people’s attitude and the way business is conducted.

B. Human induced damage is rampant on the Earth and the Earth has become an inhospitable place to live in. The movement to preserve the habitability of the Earth is still in its nascent stages. There is not adequate effort in this direction. People are not properly informed about the damage caused to the earth.

C. The movement which aims at making the Earth a more habitable place, is on the verge of a failure.The reason is not due to a lack of effort by scientists and activists nor due to a dearth of information,data logic and scientific evidence. In this respect the movement has grown impressively. But if we examine carefully it is evident that the movement is not able to influence the people and their attitudes in this regard.

D. The Earth is increasingly becoming an inhabitable place. The movement to preserve the Earth’s habitability is in failure mode. Although there is enough scientific evidence and rational discourse to support the movement, it is not gaining enough momentum because of the indifference of people.There is no conscious effort from scientists, activists and citizens to strengthen this movement.

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Solution

The correct option is A A
option (A)

The reason for the failure of the movement to preserve the Earth is the main point. B, C, and D use more words than necessary to convey the idea.

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Q. Q. “It began in the 1970s in Uttarakhand, then a part of Uttar Pradesh (at the foothills of Himalayas) and went on to become a rallying point for many future environmental movements all over the world. In this movement activists practiced methods of Satyagraha where both male and female activists from Uttarakhand played vital roles. The women in this movement hugged trees to stop their feeling”.

Which of the following movements is related to the above paragraph?

Q. “It began in the 1970s in Uttarakhand, then a part of Uttar Pradesh (at the foothills of Himalayas) and went on to become a rallying point for many future environmental movements all over the world. In this movement activists practiced methods of Satyagraha where both male and female activists from Uttarakhand played vital roles. The women in this movement hugged trees to stop their feeling”.

Which of the following movements is related to the above paragraph?

Our propensity to look out for regularities, and to impose laws upon nature, leads to the psychological phenomenon of dogmatic thinking or, more generally, dogmatic behavior: we expect regularities everywhere and attempt to find them even where there are none; events which do not yield to these attempts we are inclined to treat as a kind of “background noise”; and we stick to our expectations even when they are inadequate and we ought to accept defeat. This dogmatism is to some extent necessary. It is demanded by a situation, which can only be dealt with by forcing our conjectures upon the world. Moreover, this dogmatism allows us to approach a good theory in stages, by way of approximations: if we accept defeat too easily, we may prevent ourselves from finding that we were very nearly right.

It is clear that this dogmatic attitude, which makes us stick to our first impressions, is indicative of a strong belief; while a critical attitude, which is ready to modify its tenets, which admits doubt and demands tests, is indicative of a weaker belief. Now according to Hume‘s theory, and to the popular theory, the strength of a belief should be a product of repetition; thus it should always grow with experience, and always be greater in less primitive persons. But dogmatic thinking, an uncontrolled wish to impose regularities, a manifest pleasure in rites and in repetition as such, is characteristic of primitives and children; and increasing experience and maturity sometimes create an attitude of caution and criticism rather than of dogmatism.

My logical criticism of Hume’s psychological theory, and the considerations connected with it, may seem a little removed from the field of the philosophy of science. But the distinction between dogmatic and critical thinking, or the dogmatic and the critical attitude, brings us right back to our central problem. For the dogmatic attitude is clearly related to the tendency to verify our laws and schemata by seeking to apply them and to confirm them, even to the point of neglecting refutations, whereas the critical attitude is one of readiness to change them, to test them, to refute them, to falsify them, if possible. This suggests that we may identify the critical attitude with the scientific attitude, and the dogmatic attitude with the one, which we have described as pseudo-scientific. It further suggests that genetically speaking the pseudo-scientific attitude is more primitive than, and prior to, the scientific attitude: that it is a pre-scientific attitude. And this primitivity or priority also has its logical aspect. For the critical attitude is not so much opposed to the dogmatic attitude as superimposed upon it: criticism must be directed against existing and influential beliefs in need of critical revision-in other words, dogmatic beliefs. A critical attitude needs for its raw material, as it were, theories or beliefs which are held more or less dogmatically.

Thus, science must begin with myths, and with the criticism of myths; neither with the collection of observations, nor with the invention of experiments, but with the critical discussion of myths, and of magical techniques and practices. The scientific tradition is distinguished from the pre-scientific tradition in having two layers. Like the latter, it passes on its theories; but it also passes on a critical attitude towards them. The theories are passed on, not as dogmas, but rather with the challenge to discuss them and improve upon them.

The critical attitude, the tradition of free discussion of theories with the aim of discovering their weak spots so that they may be improved upon, is the attitude of reasonableness, or rationality. From the point of view here developed, all laws, all theories, remain essentially tentative, or conjectural, or hypothetical, even when we feel unable to doubt them any longer. Before a theory has been refuted we can never know in what way it may have to be modified.

According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the difference between science and pseudo-science?

Q. The ozone layer: Between 15 and 50 km above the earth is a thin layer of gas called 'ozone'. It protects the earth from most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. Too much radiation causes blindness in animals and skin cancer in people. In 1985, scientists discovered a hole in the ozone layer in the Antartica. They have recently discovered a smaller hole over the arctic. The ozone layer is also becoming thinner over other locations of the earth too. Scientists believe that over the last 10 years about 30% of the ozone layer has disappeared. This damage is caused by chemicals. Choose the right statement(s) from the following.

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R = 1 / 10 \times

(radius of Earth) has the same mass density as Earth. Scientists dig a well of depth

R / 5

on it and lower a wire of the same length and of linear mass density

10^{- 3} k g m^{- 3}

into it. If the wire is not touching anywhere, the force applied at the top of the wire by a person holding it in place is (take the radius of Earth

= 6 \times 10^{6} m

and the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is

10 m s^{- 2}

)

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The correct option is A Aoption (A) The reason for the failure of the movement to preserve the Earth is the main point. B, C, and D use more words than necessary to convey the idea.

The correct option is A A
option (A)

The reason for the failure of the movement to preserve the Earth is the main point. B, C, and D use more words than necessary to convey the idea.