The correct option is C By the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act
The indian Constitution originally did not include fundamental duties. 10 fundamental duties were added by the 42nd Amendment act of 1976 and 1 more was added by the 86th CAA. These are moral obligations on the citizens of the country and are non-justiciable. As of now, there are 11 fundamental duties included in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution.