1) European countries like Germany, Italy, Switzerland, France etc were divided into kingdoms, duchies, cantons whose rulers had their own autonomous territories
2) Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse people.
3) They did not see themselves sharing a collective identity or a common culture. They even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups
4) Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity.
5) The only tie binding these diverse social groups together was a common allegiance to the Emperor.