Give balanced equations for the following name reactions:
(i) Friedel-Crafts reaction (alkylation)
(ii) Williamson's synthesis
(iii) Aldol condensation

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Solution

(i) Friedel-Crafts reaction (alkylation):
An aromatic compound (such as benzene) reacts with an alkyl halide, an alcohol or an alkene in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride (catalyst).
$C_{6} H_{6} + C H_{3} C l anhy. A l C l_{3} - ------ \to Δ C_{6} H_{5} C H_{3} + H C l$
(ii) Williamson's synthesis
An alkyl halide is heated with sodium or potassium alkoxide.
$C_{2} H_{5} O N a + I C H_{3} \to C_{2} H_{5} - O - C H_{3}$
In this reaction, both simple and mixed ethers can be made.
(iii) Aldol condensation
Aldehydes and ketones containing at least one alpha hydrogen atom when treated with dilute base (NaOH, $B a (O H)_{2}$ , $K_{2} C O_{3}$ etc) or dil. acid undergo condensation to form aldol.
$C H_{3} C H O + H C H_{2} C H O dil alkali - ---- \to C H_{3} C H O H C H_{2} C H O aldol$

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Write equations of the following reactions
Friedel Crafts reaction - alkylation of anisole.

Nitration of anisole.

Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium.

Friedel Crafts acetylation of anisole.

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