In the latter half of the 19th century , militant nationalism emerged in Europe. It meant outright wars by the European countries to achieve their goals. Militant nationalism included two main features: first, the dangerous and burdensome mechanism of keeping great standing armies and large navies. This was accompanied by the evils of espionage , suspicion, fear and hatred; second, the existence of a powerful class of military and naval officers, headed by staff, who tend to dominate, especially at a time of political crisis, over the civilian authorities. Militant nationalism was caused by aggressive nationalism, economic competition and international tension.