how are cones formed in gymnosperms

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Dear student.

Cone is the reproductive structure present in the gymnosperms. Female cones arise in the axils of scale leaves during the development of new strong shoots. The female cone consists of an ovule, inside which female gametes are produced. The male cones are rounded and found in clusters behind the apical buds at the bases of new shoots. They develop in the axils of scale leaves in place of dwarf shoots. The male cones have microsporangia or pollen sacs that contain the male gametes.

The inflorescence develops as cones on the sporophyte in case of pine. The female cones consist of megasporophylls which contains ovules. Megasporocyte, which is present inside the ovule undergoes meiosis and produce four haploid cells, out of which one survives, known as megaspore.

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Cones of gymnosperms are comparable to__________of angiosperms from a functional point of view.

1) explain how the leaves of gymnosperms are modified to withstand extreme conditions

2) write a brief note on male cone, female cone of gymnosperms

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From a functional point of view, the cones of gymnosperms are comparable to ___ of angiosperms.

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