Question

How are low or high concentration gradient created in electron transport system or chain????😄😂😀😀☺

Answer 1

The concentration gradient refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes present in a solution between two regions. In biology, a gradient results from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When this happens, solutes move along a concentration gradient. This kind of movement is called diffusion. Diffusion refers to the net movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration, and may be classified as simple or facilitated. A simple diffusion would not need a carrier molecule to occur, unlike facilitated diffusion. Both simple and facilitated diffusion processes occur when there is a concentration gradient. The movement of molecules continues as long as there is a concentration gradient. Equilibrium is attained when there is no longer a net movement of molecules between two areas.

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H⁺ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds.