How did a citizen group called Friends of Arcata Marsh (FOAM), Arcata, California, USA, help to improve water quality of the marshland using integrated waste water treatment? Explain in four steps. [2]

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Solution

Integrated Waste Water Treatment by FOAM involves the following four steps :

(a) Initially water is treated by conventional methods such as sedimentation, filtration and chlorination. Water is made to flow through six connected marshes. [0.5]

(b) Appropriate plants, algae, fungi and bacteria were seeded into the marshes which neutralize, absorb and assimilate the pollutant. [0.5]

(c) This helps to neutralise or assimilate the pollutants and also remove heavy metals. [0.5]

(d) The marshes also served as a sanctuary for a variety of aquatic animals, birds and amphibians. [0.5]

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