Sensors, sense the variations of phenomenon. Like change in temperature, pressure, Light intensity etc.
How does a sensor sense this? Well, it's about chemistry, how a semiconductor device or transducer is made from elements that changes their properties after coming in contact with the said phenomenon ( the temperature, pressure, light etc).
Sensors may change their resistance, current out put or voltage, By ohms law, V=IR,So all parameters are inter dependent.
Changes in voltage, current and resistance can be measured far accurately. This is the basic analogy of sensors working.