How to manufacture urea?

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Solution

The basic process, developed in 1922, is also called the Bosch-Meiser urea process after its discoverers. The various commercial urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea formation takes place and the way in which unconverted reactants are further processed. The process consists of two main reactions, with incomplete conversion of the reactants. The first is carbamate formation: the fast exothermic reaction of liquid ammonia with gaseous carbon dioxide $(C O_{2})$ at high temperature and pressure to form ammonium carbamate $(H_{2} N - C O O N H_{4}) : [15] 2 N H_{3} + C O_{2} \to H_{2} N - C O O N H_{4}$
The second is urea conversion: the slower endothermic decomposition of ammonium carbamate into urea and water:
$H_{2} N - C O O N H_{4} \to (N H_{2}) 2 C O + H_{2} O$ .

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