(i)
Give reason for the following.
Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-directional.
(ii)
Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear.
(iii)
Give reason for the following.
Ethyne molecule is linear.
(i)
Give reason for the following.
Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-directional.
(ii)
Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear.
(iii)
Give reason for the following.
Ethyne molecule is linear.
(i) A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. The direction of overlapping gives the direction of a bond. In an ionic bond, the electrostatic field of an ion is non-directional.
Each positive ion is surrounded by a number of anions in any direction depending upon its size and vice-versa. That's why covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-directional.
(ii)
In H2O, an oxygen atom is sp3 hybridised with two lone pairs. The four sp3 hybridised orbitals acquire a tetrahedral geometry with two corners occupied by hydrogen atoms while other two by the lone pairs.
The bond angle is reduced to 104.5∘ from 109.5∘ due to greater repulsive forces between Ip - Ip and the molecule thus acquires a V-shape or bent structure (angular structure).
In CO2 molecule, carbon atom is sp-hybridised. The two sp hybrid orbitals are oriented in opposite direction forming an angle of 1800.
Oπ=σCπ=σO
That's why H2O molecule has a bent structure whereas CO2 molecule is linear.
(iii)
In ethyne molecule, both are carbon atoms are sp hybridised, having two unhybridised orbitals, i.e., 2px and 2py. The two sp hybrid orbitals of both the carbon atoms are oriented in opposite direction forming an angle of 180^0.
H−Cσ≡C−H
2π-bond
That's why ethyne molecule is linear.
(i) A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. The direction of overlapping gives the direction of a bond. In an ionic bond, the electrostatic field of an ion is non-directional.
Each positive ion is surrounded by a number of anions in any direction depending upon its size and vice-versa. That's why covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-directional.
(ii)
In H2O, an oxygen atom is sp3 hybridised with two lone pairs. The four sp3 hybridised orbitals acquire a tetrahedral geometry with two corners occupied by hydrogen atoms while other two by the lone pairs.
The bond angle is reduced to 104.5∘ from 109.5∘ due to greater repulsive forces between Ip - Ip and the molecule thus acquires a V-shape or bent structure (angular structure).
In CO2 molecule, carbon atom is sp-hybridised. The two sp hybrid orbitals are oriented in opposite direction forming an angle of 1800.
Oπ=σCπ=σO
That's why H2O molecule has a bent structure whereas CO2 molecule is linear.
(iii)
In ethyne molecule, both are carbon atoms are sp hybridised, having two unhybridised orbitals, i.e., 2px and 2py. The two sp hybrid orbitals of both the carbon atoms are oriented in opposite direction forming an angle of 180^0.
H−Cσ≡C−H
2π-bond
That's why ethyne molecule is linear.
