I have a doubt regarding the concept in electrostatic
1) it is known that charges electrons repulsions all happen in the atomic level and we all know that there is a large amount of empty space present in atom because the size of atom is much greater than the size of and nucleus so if if lot of space in atom is empty and if the repulsions and attractions happen on charges then how is it how is that the medium is going to affect the attractions or repulsion because everything is having atom molecular or atomic level

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Fill in the blanks in the following statements :

(a) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its ....................

(b) The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called its ....................

(d) An atom of an element has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons. The atomic mass of the atom is ....................

(e) If the nucleus of an atom has atomic number 17, mass number 37 and there are 17 electrons outside the nucleus, the number of neutrons in it is ....................

(f) Almost all the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small region of space called the ....................

(g) Cathode rays are a beam of fast moving ....................

(h) The anode rays obtained from hydrogen gas consist of particles called ....................

(i) The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in L shell are ....................

(j) The maximum number of electrons that can go into the M shell is ....................

(k) The subatomic particle not present in a hydrogen atom is ....................

(l) The electron has .................... charge, the proton has .................... charge, and the neutron has .................... charge.

Q. Why coolant constant K depends on the medium?

If most of the space inside an atom is is actually vacuum and all the electrostatic attraction and repulsion that happens from one medium to another medium like electrons flow have to happen from from one atom to another atom and most of the space inside the atom itself is empty or vacuum so what my answer to this question would be so if most of the space inside an atom is empty then culomb constant or permitivity should depend on intermolecular spaces then medium and instead of dielectric constant or absolute permittivity it should only be permittivity of vacuum

A shower of protons from outer space deposits equal charges q on the earth and the moon and the electrostatic repulsion then exactly counterbalances the gravitational attraction. How large is $q$ ?

Q. how was it shown that an atom has a lot of empty space within it ?

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