Identify the molecular formula of an alkane which has only three chain isomer. Suggest a suitable method of separation of these isomers and draw a comparison of their dipole moments.

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Solution

$C_{5} H_{12}$ (Pentane) is the molecular formula of alkane which can give three chain isomers. When n-pentane, isopentane and neopentane are compared, the increase in branching decreases the surface area of the molecule. therefore, the intermolecular forces of attraction decrease with increase in branching. As a result, the boiling points decrease, n-alkanes have the highest, isoalkanes have low and neoalkanes have least boiling points. Therefore, they can be separated by fractional distillation.
$C H_{3} - C H_{2} - C H_{2} - C H_{2} - C H_{3} n - p e n t a n e$
${(C H_{3})}_{2} - C H - C H_{2} - C H_{3} i s o - p e n t a n e$
${(C H_{3})}_{3} - C - C H_{3} n e o - p e n t a n e$

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