Benito Mussolini established the National Fascist Party, which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943. The National Socialist German Workers' or the Nazi Party was established by Adolf Hitler in Germany. The first five-year plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by Joseph Stalin and was implemented between 1928 and 1932. In 1986, the term 'Glasnost' was used by Mikhail Gorbachev as a political slogan for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union.