It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces:

Had reached their peak and begun to decline

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Had eliminated the Bulgarian army

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Were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus

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Were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate's military forces

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Solution

The correct option is D
Were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate's military forces

The first paragraph states that “by the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders.” Also, it is mentioned in the last paragraph that by that time, they were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate’s military forces. The passage does not mention that the Byzantine military forces had completely eliminated the Bulgarian army. Neither does it mention that by then, they had reached their peak and begun to decline. Therefore, answer option (d) is the correct answer choice.

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Similar questions

Identify the main idea/theme of the passage.

Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.

To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.

The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.

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