1
Question
Match column I with column II and choose the correct option.
Column I
Column II
A. Mutualism
1. Black walnut tree and herbaceous plants
B.Commensalism
2. Sparrow eating seeds
C.Amensalism
3. Orchids growing on mango tree
D. Predation
4. Lichens
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Mutualism | 1. Black walnut tree and herbaceous plants |
| B.Commensalism | 2. Sparrow eating seeds |
| C.Amensalism | 3. Orchids growing on mango tree |
| D. Predation | 4. Lichens |
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Solution
No species lives in isolation in nature and populations of different species live together and interact in several ways.
The interaction of populations of two different species lead to interspecific interactions. These interactions can be beneficial, detrimental (harmful) or neutral (neither harm nor benefit) to the species.
‘+’ sign is used to denote beneficial interaction, ‘-’ sign to denote detrimental interaction and ‘0’ sign for neutral interaction.
The various population interactions observed in nature are mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, amensalism, competition and predation.
In mutualism both the interacting species are benefited. Lichens provide a very good example of mutualism. Lichens are formed by the symbiotic association between algae or blue green algae and fungi. The algal component is called phycobiont and the fungal component is called mycobiont. The phycobiont, being autotrophic, provides food to the mycobiont. The mycobiont absorbs minerals and water for its partner. This type of interaction in which both the organisms benefit from each other is called mutualism (+, +).
In commensalism, out of the two interacting species, one species is benefitted (commensal) and the other is neither harmed nor benefited (host). For example, some orchids grow as epiphytes on the branches of a mango tree. Epiphytes are plants that grow upon other plants only for support. They absorb moisture from the atmosphere from the specialised aerial roots called epiphytic roots. The debris that collects on the supporting plants is a source of nutrients. In this case orchids are commensal organisms as they are benefited from the mango tree. The tree provides support to the orchid plants. The mango tree is neither benefited or harmed from this interaction. Commensalism can be denoted as (+,0).
In amensalism, out of the two interacting species, one species is harmed and the other is unaffected (neither harmed nor benefitted). The black walnut tree secretes a chemical called juglone that inhibits the growth of the herbaceous plants near it. This is a good example of amensalism. Here the black walnut tree is neither benefited or harmed and the herbaceous plants are harmed. Amensalism can be denoted as (-,0).
Predation is a type of interaction in which the predator eats another organism called prey. Hence, in predation, one species is benefited (predator) and the other is harmed (prey). The predator-prey relationship can be denoted as (+, -). The tiger hunting and eating a deer is a very common example of predation. But even a sparrow eating seeds is also considered a predator.
Hence, the correct option is d.
Column I
Column II
A. Mutualism
Lichens (4)
B.Commensalism
Orchids growing on mango tree (3)
C. Amensalism
Black walnut tree and herbaceous plants (1)
D. Predation
Sparrow eating seeds (2)
The interaction of populations of two different species lead to interspecific interactions. These interactions can be beneficial, detrimental (harmful) or neutral (neither harm nor benefit) to the species.
‘+’ sign is used to denote beneficial interaction, ‘-’ sign to denote detrimental interaction and ‘0’ sign for neutral interaction.
The various population interactions observed in nature are mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, amensalism, competition and predation.
In mutualism both the interacting species are benefited. Lichens provide a very good example of mutualism. Lichens are formed by the symbiotic association between algae or blue green algae and fungi. The algal component is called phycobiont and the fungal component is called mycobiont. The phycobiont, being autotrophic, provides food to the mycobiont. The mycobiont absorbs minerals and water for its partner. This type of interaction in which both the organisms benefit from each other is called mutualism (+, +).
In commensalism, out of the two interacting species, one species is benefitted (commensal) and the other is neither harmed nor benefited (host). For example, some orchids grow as epiphytes on the branches of a mango tree. Epiphytes are plants that grow upon other plants only for support. They absorb moisture from the atmosphere from the specialised aerial roots called epiphytic roots. The debris that collects on the supporting plants is a source of nutrients. In this case orchids are commensal organisms as they are benefited from the mango tree. The tree provides support to the orchid plants. The mango tree is neither benefited or harmed from this interaction. Commensalism can be denoted as (+,0).
In amensalism, out of the two interacting species, one species is harmed and the other is unaffected (neither harmed nor benefitted). The black walnut tree secretes a chemical called juglone that inhibits the growth of the herbaceous plants near it. This is a good example of amensalism. Here the black walnut tree is neither benefited or harmed and the herbaceous plants are harmed. Amensalism can be denoted as (-,0).
Predation is a type of interaction in which the predator eats another organism called prey. Hence, in predation, one species is benefited (predator) and the other is harmed (prey). The predator-prey relationship can be denoted as (+, -). The tiger hunting and eating a deer is a very common example of predation. But even a sparrow eating seeds is also considered a predator.
Hence, the correct option is d.
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Mutualism | Lichens (4) |
| B.Commensalism | Orchids growing on mango tree (3) |
| C. Amensalism | Black walnut tree and herbaceous plants (1) |
| D. Predation | Sparrow eating seeds (2) |
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