Question

Match the principles with the instances:

(a) Mapping of boundaries on religious grounds	i. Pakistan and Bangladesh
(b) Mapping of boundaries on grounds of different languages	ii. India and Pakistan
(c) Demarcating boundaries within a country by geographical zones	iii. Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh
(d) Demarcating boundaries within a country on administrative and grounds.	iv. Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand

Answer 1

(a) Mapping of boundaries on religious grounds	ii. India and Pakistan
(b) Mapping of boundaries on grounds of different languages	iv. Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
(c) Demarcating boundaries within a country by geographical zones	i. Pakistan and Bangladesh
(d) Demarcating boundaries within a country on administrative and grounds.	iii. Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh

Explanation

(a ) Mapping of boundaries on religious grounds → ii. India and Pakistan

Partition was based on the Two-Nation Theory that declared Hindus and Muslims as two distinct nationalities with separate interests. The political mood at that time reflected the need for a separate nation for Muslims. Religion was seen as the basis of a nation.

(b) Mapping of boundaries on grounds of different languages → iv. Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand

Punjab was bifurcated on the basis of language when, in 1966, its Hindi-speaking regions were separated, leading to the creation of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. The creation of Uttarakhand was not only on the basis of language but on administrative and cultural grounds as well.

(c) Demarcating boundaries within a country by geographical zones → i. Bangladesh and Pakistan

Bangladesh, which was earlier East Pakistan, was created in 1971. It was the result of political mismanagement and cultural domination of the West Pakistan on the East. The Bengali language movement in East Pakistan culminated into the demand for autonomy and later independence. The creation of Bangladesh rather represented the failure of the Two-Nation Theory that divided nations on the basis of religion.

(d) Demarcating boundaries within a country on political and administrative grounds → iii. Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh were created in 2000 on the basis of administrative convenience, cultural ethnicity and the concept of balanced regional development of these regions. These states were created due to the failure of country’s development policy to improve the socio-economic conditions of the tribal and non-tribal population in the region.