(a→r,s,t;b→t;c→p,q;d→r)
(a→r,s,t) It is an example of electrophilic substitution reaction which results in a coupled product; hence it is coupling reaction also. It also involves carbocation intermediate.
(b→t) Pinacole-pinacolone rearrangement. In this reaction, the intermediate is carbocation.
(c→p,q) It is an example of addition reaction by carbonyl compounds and both enantiomers will be formed. Hence, racemic mixture will be obtained. (see diag)
(d→r) It is an example of nucleophilic substitution.