Question

Mention the general characteristics, and classification of Phanerogams (Spermatophyta).

Answer 1

Phanerogams (Spermatophyta) are divided into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
(i) Gymnosperms :
(a) The seeds are naked.
(b) Are perennial, evergreen and woody.
(c) Have well-developed vascular issues (xylem and phloem) for transport of materials within the plant body. Xylem lacks vessels and phloem lacks companion cells.
(d) Reproductive organs are present in the cones.
(e) Extemal water is not required for fertilisation.
(f) Examples: Cycas, Pinus, Cedrus (Doedar).
(ii) Angiosperms:
Angiosperms are flowering vascular plants:
(a) Have seeds enclosed within the fruit.
(b) Have diverse body forms.\
(c) Vascular tissues are well developed; xylem contains vessels and phloem contains companion cells.
(d) Reproductive organs are flowers.
(e) Extemal water is not required for fertilisation.
Angiosperms include two classes viz. dicotyledoneae and monocotyledonae.
(a) Dicotyledoneae includes pI ants having two cotyledons in the seed; reticulate venation; tap root system and secondary growth. Examples: Grain, Mango.
(b) Monotyledoneae group comprises plants, having one cotyledon in the seed; parallel venation; fibrous root system; secondary growth is lacking.
Examples: Wheat, Maize.