Question

Name one technique used to modify a genome.

Answer 1

Genome editing:

1. The technique of modifying an organism's genetic coding is known as genome editing.
2. Enzymes cut DNA, resulting in a double-strand break (DSB).
3. DSBs are repaired through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR).
4. NHEJ causes random mutations (gene knockout), whereas HDR adds DNA to the genome to construct a specific sequence (gene knock-in).

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing:

1. Scientists were still looking for a more convenient and quick technique to modify DNA.
2. They identified a new technique of genome editing based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which has long been used by bacteria to help them fight off viruses.
3. The first biochemical description of CRISPR, led by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, stunned the scientific community.
4. CRISPR has exploded in prominence as a gene-editing technology since its discovery.
5. The CRISPR system is made up of two parts: a guide RNA and a Cas9 nuclease.
6. Within the 20-nucleotide area designated by the guide RNA, the Cas9 nuclease breaks the DNA.
7. Scientists may personalize their guide RNAs with CRISPR, and algorithms have been developed to determine the likelihood of off-target consequences (i.e., does this sequence exist in other places of the genome).
8. CRISPR, on the other hand, is considerably more adaptable and cost-effective, making it more accessible to scientists with limited budgets and time constraints.