(b) Figure A depicts vasectomy in males (i.e. cutting and tying the vas deferens).
(c) Figure B depicts tubectomy in females (i.e. cutting and tying the oviducts).
(d) 'P' represents the cut and tied end of vas deferens. This prevents the passage of sperms and avoids pregnancy. 'Q' represents the cut and tied ends of oviducts in females. Cutting and tying of oviducts prevent the passage of ovum and avoids pregnancy.