How does the Element Gold (Aurum-Au) shoes two valencies (+1 and +3)

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Solution

Gold in its ground state has an electronicconfiguration of [Xe]4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s^1.By giving one electron it acquires a full-filled outermost d orbital.The electronic configuration of Au+1 is [Xe]4f¹⁴ 5d^{10 .}and Au+3 is formed by loosing 3 electrons. The electronic configuration will be [Xe]4f¹⁴5d⁸.That would arise because of the splitting of the energy of the 5d due to the actions of ligands attached to gold giving it the +3 oxidation state. Crystal field theory deals with the splitting of the d-orbitals into two or more energy levels.

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