MnO4^2- undergoes disproportionate reaction in acidic medium but MnO4^- does not. Why?

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Solution

Disproportionation is a type of redox reaction in which a species is simultaneously reduced and oxidised forming two different products.
In MnO₄^2-, the oxidation state of manganese is +6. It can disproportionate to form MnO₂ and MnO₄^-.
3MnO₄^2- + 4H⁺ → MnO₂ + 2MnO₄^- + 2H₂O

However, the oxidation state of Mn in MnO₄^- is +7 which is the maximum possible oxidation state of Mn (atomic number 25, 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s²) and hence it cannot undergo disproportionation reaction.

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