Question

"Permanent hardness is due to dissolved bicarbonates of $C{a}^{2+}$ and $M{g}^{2+}$."
Answer whether the above statement is true or false.
If true enter 1, else enter 0.

Answer 1

Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by boiling. It is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate and/or magnesium sulfates in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener or ion exchange column.