The correct option is C Gene transfer without a vector
Polyethylene glycol method
PEG (Poly ethylene glycol ) is a hydrophilic compound that is used for recombinant DNA transfer into competent cells. The PEG-mediated transformation is a fast, simple and efficient way of introducing naked DNA into plant protoplasts. The protoplast is treated with PEG in the presence of calcium ions. This destabilises the plasma membrane, allowing for the entry of the naked DNA.