Q. What do '$Y$' and '$B$' stand for in '$YAC$' and '$BAC$' used in Human Genome Project (HGP)? Mention their role in the project.

Q. Name and explain the type of interaction that exists in mycorrhizae and between cattle egret and cattle.

Q. Name a genus of baculovirus. Why are they considered good bio-control agents?

Q. (a) Explain the menstrual phase in a human female. State the levels of ovarian and pituitary hormones during this phase.
(b) Why is the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle also referred as a proliferative phase? Explain.
(c) Explain the events that occur in a Graafian follicle at the time of ovulation and thereafter.
(d) Draw a Graafian follicle and label antrum and secondary oocyte.

Q. Write the probable differences in eating habits of Homo habilis and Homo erectus.

Q. Explain enzyme replacement therapy to treat adenosine deaminase deficiency. Mention two disadvantages of this procedure.

Q. (a) Name the selectable markers in the cloning vector pBR322? Mention the role they play.
(b) Why is the coding sequence of an enzyme $\beta$-galactosidase, a preferred selectable marker in comparison to the ones named above?

Q. A large number of married couples the world over are childless. It is shocking to know that in India, the female partner is often blamed for the couple being childless.
(a) Why in your opinion is the female partner often blamed for such situations in India? Mention any two values that you as a biology student can promote to check this social evil.
(b) State any two reasons responsible for the cause of infertility.
(c) Suggest a technique that can help the couple to have a child where the problem is with the male partner.

Q. (a) How do organic farmers control pests? Give two examples.
(b) State the difference in their approach from that of conventional pest control methods.

Q. Following are the features of genetic codes. What does each one indicate? __________ Stop codon, Unambiguous codon, Degenerate codon, Universal codon.

Q. (a) Why must a cell be made 'competent' in biotechnology experiments? How does calcium ion help in doing so?
(b) State the role of biolistic gun in biotechnology experiments.

Q. Mention the role of 'genetic mother' in MOET.

Q. Mention two advantages for preferring CNG over diesel as an automobile fuel.

Q. (a) Write the two limitations of traditional breeding technique that led to the promotion of micropropagation.
(b) Mention two advantages of micropropagation.
(c) Give two examples where it is commercially adopted.

Q. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession and provide one example of each.

Q. It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chickenpox in their childhood may not contract the same disease in their adulthood. Explain, giving reasons, the basics of such immunity in an individual. Name this kind of immunity.

Q. Describe Meselson and Stahl's experiment that was carried in 1958 on E.coli. Write the conclusion they arrived at after the experiment.

Q. (a) Name the two growth models that represent population growth and draw the respective growth curves they represent.
(b) State the basic reason for the difference in the shape of these curves.
(c) Which one of the curves represents the human population growth at present? Do you think such a curve is sustainable? Give reason in support of your answer.

Q. (a) Name the organic material of the exine of the pollen grain. How is this material advantageous to pollen grain?
(b) Still, it is observed that it does not form a continuous layer around the pollen grain. Give reason.
(c) How are 'pollen banks' useful?

Q. Two mark Questions:
A single pea plant in your kitchen garden produces pods with viable seeds, but the individual papaya plant does not. Explain.

Q. What is a test cross? How can it decipher the heterozygosity of a plant?

Q. A male honeybee has 16 chromosomes whereas its female has 32 chromosomes. Give one reason.