Read the following passage & answer the following questions:
When A. Philip Randolph assumed the leadership of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, he began a ten-year battle to win recognition from the Pullman Company, the largest private employer of Black people in the United States and the company that controlled the railroad industry’s sleeping car and parlor service. (*)In 1935 the Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a major corporation. Randolph’s efforts in the battle helped transform the attitude of Black workers towards unions and towards themselves as an identifiable group; eventually, Randolph helped to weaken organized labor’s antagonism towards Black workers.
In the Pullman contest, Randolph faced formidable obstacles. (**)The first was Black workers’ understandable skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity.
The Brotherhood possessed a number of advantages, however, including Randolph’s own tactical abilities. In 1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike against Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under Black leadership, helped replace the stereotype of the Black worker as a servant with the image of the Black worker as a wage earner. In addition, the porters’ very isolation aided the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities; their segregated life protected the union’s internal communications from interception. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encouraged racial identity and solidarity as well. But it was only in the early 1930’s that federal legislation prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions with company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become recognized as the porters’ representative.
Not content with this triumph, Randolph brought the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor, where it became the equal of the Federation’s 105 other unions. He reasoned that as a member union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position to exert pressure on member unions that practiced race restrictions. Such restrictions were eventually found unconstitutional in 1944.
According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of Black workers toward unions was:
Read the following passage & answer the following questions:
When A. Philip Randolph assumed the leadership of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, he began a ten-year battle to win recognition from the Pullman Company, the largest private employer of Black people in the United States and the company that controlled the railroad industry’s sleeping car and parlor service. (*)In 1935 the Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a major corporation. Randolph’s efforts in the battle helped transform the attitude of Black workers towards unions and towards themselves as an identifiable group; eventually, Randolph helped to weaken organized labor’s antagonism towards Black workers.
In the Pullman contest, Randolph faced formidable obstacles. (**)The first was Black workers’ understandable skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity.
The Brotherhood possessed a number of advantages, however, including Randolph’s own tactical abilities. In 1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike against Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under Black leadership, helped replace the stereotype of the Black worker as a servant with the image of the Black worker as a wage earner. In addition, the porters’ very isolation aided the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities; their segregated life protected the union’s internal communications from interception. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encouraged racial identity and solidarity as well. But it was only in the early 1930’s that federal legislation prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions with company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become recognized as the porters’ representative.
Not content with this triumph, Randolph brought the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor, where it became the equal of the Federation’s 105 other unions. He reasoned that as a member union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position to exert pressure on member unions that practiced race restrictions. Such restrictions were eventually found unconstitutional in 1944.
According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of Black workers toward unions was:
The correct option is C mitigated by the efforts of Randolph.
The best answer is 'mitigated by the efforts of Randolph'.
According to the passage Randolph's efforts to obtain recognition for the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a goal achieved in 1935, "helped transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions." The passage states that prior to 1935 that attitude was one of skepticism. Therefore, the passage indicates that the workers' skepticism was diminished as a result of Randolph's work.
'Unchanged except among Black employees of railroad-related industries' is incorrect because the passage does not indicate that the attitude among Black workers in other industries toward unions remained unchanged by 1935.
'Reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Company’s union' is incorrect because the passage does not state that the actions of the Pullman Company's union made Black workers more skeptical of anions by 1935.
No information is given in the passage to support the remaining options.
mitigated by the efforts of Randolph.
The best answer is 'mitigated by the efforts of Randolph'.
According to the passage Randolph's efforts to obtain recognition for the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a goal achieved in 1935, "helped transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions." The passage states that prior to 1935 that attitude was one of skepticism. Therefore, the passage indicates that the workers' skepticism was diminished as a result of Randolph's work.
'Unchanged except among Black employees of railroad-related industries' is incorrect because the passage does not indicate that the attitude among Black workers in other industries toward unions remained unchanged by 1935.
'Reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Company’s union' is incorrect because the passage does not state that the actions of the Pullman Company's union made Black workers more skeptical of anions by 1935.
No information is given in the passage to support the remaining options.
