Read the following passages and answer the items that follow each passage. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.

PASSAGE 2

The Infrastructure sector is one of the key drivers of economic growth across the world, and India is no exception. The sector is responsible for propelling India's overall development and enjoys priority focus from Government for initiating policies that would ensure time-bound creation of world-class infrastructure in the country.

The Government has launched various critical infrastructure mega programs like Power for All, Bharatmala, Sagarmala, Smart Cities mission, Housing for All, Swachh Bharat Mission, AMRUT, etc. with an objective to build world-class infrastructure in the country. However, the track record of completing projects on time is abysmal. There are multiple challenges attributed to the same including regulatory clearances, land acquisition, Resettlement & Rehabilitation amongst others. The Govt. has set up various bodies to tide over such obstacles and is continuing to improve them. However, one aspect which needs attention is the successful adoption of globally accepted Project and Program Management practices. The country is in the transformation phase and with such large-scale initiatives planned, there is a growing demand for structured project and program management practices in order to manage these programs and implement them successfully. Project and Program management practices, when implemented successfully, can bring in synergies, integration and a common language to all these complex program initiatives like Sagarmala, Bharatmala, Industrial Corridors, Smart Cities Mission, etc.

This can be well substantiated from the recent report of the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MOSPI) released in December 2018 which has reviewed 1424 central infrastructure sector projects worth INR 150 crore and above. It has been observed that more than 25% of these central sector projects are delayed beyond their scheduled date of completion, and there has been a significant cost overrun of around INR 3.17 lakh crore in these projects.

Q. Consider the following statements

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशों को पढ़ें और उन मदों का उत्तर दें जो प्रत्येक गद्यांश का अनुसरण करते हैं। इन मदों के लिए आपके जवाब केवल पैसेज पर आधारित होने चाहिए।

गद्यांश 2

इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर क्षेत्र दुनिया भर में आर्थिक विकास के प्रमुख कारकों में से एक है और भारत कोई अपवाद नहीं है। यह क्षेत्र भारत के समग्र विकास को बढ़ावा देने के लिए उत्तरदाई है और सरकार द्वारा उन नीतियों को शुरू करने के लिए प्राथमिकता से ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया है जो देश में विश्व स्तरीय बुनियादी ढाँचे के निर्माण को सुनिश्चित करेंगे।

सरकार ने देश में विश्वस्तरीय बुनियादी ढाँचे के निर्माण के उद्देश्य से पॉवर फॉर ऑल, भारतमाला, सागरमाला, स्मार्ट सिटीज़ मिशन, हाउसिंग फ़ॉर ऑल, स्वच्छ भारत मिशन, एएमआरयूटी इत्यादि जैसे कई महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी ढाँचे कार्यक्रम शुरू किए हैं। हालांकि, समय पर परियोजनाओं को पूरा करने का ट्रैक रिकॉर्ड लाजिमी है। विनियामक मंजूरी, भूमि अधिग्रहण और पुनर्वास सहित कई चुनौतियां हैं। सरकार ने इस तरह की बाधाओं से निपटने के लिए विभिन्न निकायों की स्थापना की है और सुधार के प्रयास जारी है। हालाँकि, एक पहलू जिस पर ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है, वह है विश्व स्तर पर स्वीकृत परियोजना और कार्यक्रम प्रबंधन प्रथाओं को सफलतापूर्वक अपनाना। देश परिवर्तन के चरण में है और इस तरह की बड़े पैमाने पर की गई पहलों के साथ, इन कार्यक्रमों का प्रबंधन करने और उन्हें सफलतापूर्वक लागू करने के लिए संरचित परियोजना और कार्यक्रम प्रबंधन प्रथाओं की मांग भी बढ़ी है। परियोजना और कार्यक्रम प्रबंधन प्रथाओं को जब सफलतापूर्वक लागू किया जाता है तो सागरमाला, भारतमाला, औद्योगिक गलियारे, स्मार्ट सिटीज मिशन आदि में तालमेल व एकीकरण को बढ़ावा मिलता है ।

दिसंबर 2018 में जारी सांख्यिकी और कार्यक्रम क्रियान्वयन मंत्रालय (MOSPI) की हालिया रिपोर्ट से इसकी पुष्टि की जा सकती है, जिसमें 150 करोड़ और उससे अधिक मूल्य की 1424 केंद्रीय अवसंरचना क्षेत्र की परियोजनाओं की समीक्षा की गई है। यह देखा गया है कि केंद्रीय क्षेत्र की इन परियोजनाओं का निर्माण निर्धारित तिथि से 25% से अधिक की देरी से हो रहा है और इन परियोजनाओं में लगभग 3.17 लाख करोड़ रुपये की लागत आई है।

Q. निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार करें

ऊपर दिए गए कथनों में से कौन सा सही है / हैं?

Question

Q.

Passage: 4
Infrastructure can deliver major benefits in economic growth, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability but only when it provides services that respond to effective demand and does so efficiently. Service is the goal and the measure of development in infrastructure. Major investments have been made in infrastructure stocks, but in too many developing countries these assets are not generating the quantity or the quality of services as demanded. The costs of this waste-in foregone economic growth and lost opportunities for poverty reduction and environmental improvement-are high and unacceptable. The causes of the past poor performance, and the source of improved performance, lie in the incentives facing providers. To ensure efficient, responsive delivery of infrastructure services, incentives need to be changed through the application of three instruments-commercial management, competition and stakeholder involvement. The roles of government and the private sector must be transformed as well. Technological innovations and experiments with alternative ways of providing infrastructure indicate the following principles for reform: manage infrastructure like business, not a bureaucracy. The provision of infrastructure needs to be conceived and run as a service industry that responds to customer demand. Poor performers typically have a confusion of objectives, little financial autonomy or financial discipline, and no ‘bottom line’ measured by the customer satisfaction. The high willingness to pay for most infrastructure services, even by the poor, provides greater opportunity for user charges. Private sector involvement in management, financing or ownership will, in most cases, be needed to ensure a commercial orientation in infrastructure. Introduce competition-directly if feasible, indirectly if not. Competition gives consumers choices for better meeting their demands and puts pressure on suppliers to be efficient and accountable to users. Competition can be introduced directly, by liberalizing entry into activities that have no technological barriers, and indirectly, through competitive bidding for the right to provide exclusive service where natural monopoly conditions exist and by liberalizing the supply of service substitutes. Give users and other stakeholders a strong voice and real responsibility where infrastructure activities involve important external effects, for good or bad or where market discipline is insufficient to ensure accountability to users and other affected groups; governments need to address their concerns through other means. Users and other stakeholders should be represented in the planning and regulation of infrastructure service. In some cases, they should take major initiatives in design, operation and financing. Public-private partnerships in financing have promise. Private sector involvement in the financing of new capacity is growing. The lessons of this experience are that the governments should start with simpler projects and gain experience, investors returns should be linked to project performance, and any government guarantees if needed should be carefully scrutinized. Governments will have a continuing, if changed, role in infrastructure. In addition to taking steps to improve the performance of infrastructure provision under their direct control, governments are responsible for creating policy and regulatory frameworks that safeguard the interests of the poor, improve environmental conditions, and coordinate cross-sectoral interactions-whether services are produced by public or private providers. The government is also responsible for developing legal and regulatory framework to support private involvement in the provision of infrastructure services
The passage suggests all of the following except that: